Where Are the Remains of Christopher Columbus? Only 4 left in stock (more on the way). In 1548 the Crown decreed that all copies of Las Casas's Confesionario be burnt, and his Franciscan adversary, Motolinia obliged and sent back a report to Spain. Bartolomé de las Casas was a Spanish historian and colonist, also known as a Dominican friar. [77], One matter in which he invested much effort was the political situation of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Summarized from: Bedini, Silvio A., ed. Las Casas was among those denied confession for this reason. with his last name only, Las Casas, with the exception of the very first reference, in which please use his full name. He died on July 18, 1566. When his preaching met with resistance, he realized that he would have to go to Spain to fight there against the enslavement and abuse of the native people. [90], The History of the Indies is a three-volume work begun in 1527 while Las Casas was in the Convent of Puerto de Plata. Las Casas is often considered to be one of the first advocates for a universal conception of human dignity (later human rights). In 1551 he rented a cell at the College of San Gregorio, where he lived with his assistant and friend Fray Rodrigo de Ladrada. In Peru, power struggles between conquistadors and the viceroy became an open civil war in which the conquistadors led by Gonzalo Pizarro rebelled against the New Laws and defeated and executed the viceroy Blasco Núñez Vela in 1546. [43], Arriving in Puerto Rico, in January 1521, he received the terrible news that the Dominican convent at Chiribichi had been sacked by Indians, and that the Spaniards of the islands had launched a punitive expedition, led by Gonzalo de Ocampo, into the very heart of the territory that Las Casas wanted to colonize peacefully. Las Casas worked to recruit a large number of peasants who would want to travel to the islands, where they would be given lands to farm, cash advances, and the tools and resources they needed to establish themselves there. Cambridge University Press, 2016, 190. [51] As a direct result of the debates between the Dominicans and Franciscans and spurred on by Las Casas's treatise, Pope Paul III promulgated the Bull "Sublimis Deus," which stated that the Indians were rational beings and should be brought peacefully to the faith as such.[52]. [53] In 1538 Las Casas was recalled from his mission by Bishop Marroquín who wanted him to go to Mexico and then on to Spain to seek more Dominicans to assist in the mission. Each town would have a royal hospital built with four wings in the shape of a cross, where up to 200 sick Indians could be cared for at a time. The material contained in the Apologetic History is primarily ethnographic accounts of the indigenous cultures of the Indies – the Taíno, the Ciboney, and the Guanahatabey, but it also contains descriptions of many of the other indigenous cultures that Las Casas learned about through his travels and readings. [15] He participated in slave raids and military expeditions against the native Taíno population of Hispaniola. [13] As a young man, in 1507, he journeyed to Rome where he observed the Festival of Flutes. The emperor, probably because of the doubts caused by Las Casas's arguments, never took a final decision on the issue of the encomiendas. [37], Three Hieronymite monks, Luis de Figueroa, Bernardino de Manzanedo and Alonso de Santo Domingo, were selected as commissioners to take over the authority of the Indies. Las Casas advocated the dismantlement of the city of Asunción and the subsequent gathering of Indians into communities of about 1,000 Indians to be situated as satellites of Spanish towns or mining areas. Las Casas feared that at the rate the exploitation was proceeding it would be too late to hinder their annihilation unless action were taken rapidly. 3:37. Las Casas worked hard to convince the emperor that it would be a bad economic decision, that it would return the viceroyalty to the brink of open rebellion, and could result in the Crown losing the colony entirely. Bartolomé’s father and uncle sailed with Columbus on his second voyage. Lantigua, David. Biography. He was there when Christopher Columbus went to Seville in 1493 after Columbus' first trip to the Americas. Motolinia would later be a fierce critic of Las Casas, accusing him of being all talk and no action when it came to converting the Indians. "The base continued in operation until 1946, when it was closed. The Franciscans used a method of mass conversion, sometimes baptizing many thousands of Indians in a day. [29] In the winter of 1515, King Ferdinand lay ill in Plasencia, but Las Casas was able to get a letter of introduction to the king from the Archbishop of Seville, Diego de Deza. Residencial Las Casas in Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico is named after Las Casas. He decided to reform the system. Geboren am: 00.00.1474. Before a council consisting of Cardinal García de Loaysa, the Count of Osorno, Bishop Fuenleal and several members of the Council of the Indies, Las Casas argued that the only solution to the problem was to remove all Indians from the care of secular Spaniards, by abolishing the encomienda system and putting them instead directly under the Crown as royal tribute-paying subjects. The young man accompanied the governor on two different military missions aimed at pacifying Indigenous people who remained on the island. I came to realize that black slavery was as unjust as Indian slavery... and I was not sure that my ignorance and good faith would secure me in the eyes of God." The account was one of the first attempts by a Spanish writer of the colonial era to depict the unfair treatment that the indigenous people endured during the early stages of the Spanish conquest of the Greater Antilles, particularly the island of Hispaniola. Las Casas' efforts led to legal reforms and early debates about the idea of human rights. Der spanische Missionar. [67] His last act as Bishop of Chiapas was writing a confesionario, a manual for the administration of the sacrament of confession in his diocese, still refusing absolution to unrepentant encomenderos. Bartolomé de las Casas was a Dominican priest from Seville, Spain, who briefly sought his fortune in the New World, only a decade after Columbus' first voyage. Las Casas had become a hated figure by Spaniards all over the islands, and he had to seek refuge in the Dominican monastery. $64.99. He oversaw the construction of a monastery in Puerto Plata on the north coast of Hispaniola, subsequently serving as prior of the convent. He also had to repeatedly defend himself against accusations of treason: someone, possibly Sepúlveda, denounced him to the Spanish Inquisition, but nothing came from the case. Biography. Las Casas became a priest and soon began teaching Christianity to the Indians. The recruitment drive was difficult, and during the process the power relation shifted at court when Chancellor Sauvage, Las Casas's main supporter, unexpectedly died. Next. Bartolomé de Las Casas est fils d'un modeste marchand de Tarifa. He participated in campaigns at Bayamo and Camagüey and in the massacre of Hatuey. [36] Worried by the visions that Las Casas had drawn up of the situation in the Indies, Cardinal Cisneros decided to send a group of Hieronymite monks to take over the government of the islands. This was meant simply to halt the decimation of the Indian population and to give the surviving Indians time to reconstitute themselves. The emperor sent Pedro de la Gasca, a friend of Las Casas, to reinstate the rule of law, and he in turn defeated Pizarro. They were not impressed by his account, and Las Casas had to find a different avenue of change. He also came into conflict with the Bishop of Guatemala Francisco Marroquín, to whose jurisdiction the diocese had previously belonged. De Las Casas copied Columbus' diary from his 1492 voyage to modern-day Bahamas. In 1520 Las Casas's concession was finally granted, but it was a much smaller grant than he had initially proposed; he was also denied the possibilities of extracting gold and pearls, which made it difficult for him to find investors for the venture. He described in detail social arrangements, distribution of work, how provisions would be divided and even how table manners were to be introduced. Bartolomé de Las Casas (1474-1566) was a Spanish priest, social reformer, and historian. [95], Opposition to Las Casas reached its climax in historiography with Spanish right-wing, nationalist historians in the late 19th and early 20th centuries constructing a pro-Spanish White Legend, arguing that the Spanish Empire was benevolent and just and denying any adverse consequences of Spanish colonialism. Christianity and Freedom: Historical Perspectives. Las Casas schrieb danach drei wichtige Werke: die "Apologie", die "Kurze apologetische Geschichte Indiens". [68], Las Casas returned to Spain, leaving behind many conflicts and unresolved issues. Las Casas defended himself by writing two treatises on the "Just Title" – arguing that the only legality with which the Spaniards could claim titles over realms in the New World was through peaceful proselytizing. Location of death: Bartolomé de las Casas died in 18th July 1566 in Madrid (Spain). Las Casas' role was as a missionary, working to convert the natives to Catholicism. He served in the Spanish court for the remainder of his life; there he held great influence over Indies-related issues. As a young man, he practiced law for a short time, but, like so many other enterprising young men of his day, he went to the New World in search of new opportunities. In the years following his death, his ideas became taboo in the Spanish realm, and he was seen as a nearly heretical extremist. Las Casas's supporters were Diego Columbus and the new chancellor Gattinara. Son of Pedro de las Casas, a merchant in the New World. All warfare was illegal and unjust and only through the papal mandate of peacefully bringing Christianity to heathen peoples could "Just Titles" be acquired. Arriving in Spain he was met by a barrage of accusations, many of them based on his Confesionario and its 12 rules, which many of his opponents found to be in essence a denial of the legitimacy of Spanish rule of its colonies, and hence a form of treason. Il est issu d’une famille juive contrainte à la conversion pour échapper aux persécutions. Las Casas had a considerable part in selecting them and writing the instructions under which their new government would be instated, largely based on Las Casas's memorial. bartolom de las casas a biography Sep 19, 2020 Posted By Ann M. Martin Library TEXT ID b3396885 Online PDF Ebook Epub Library bartolome de las casas was a dominican priest from seville spain who briefly sought his fortune in the new world only a decade after columbus first voyage though he had In 1514, Las Casas was studying a passage in the book Ecclesiasticus (Sirach)[25] 34:18–22[a] for a Pentecost sermon and pondering its meaning. [3] As a result, in 1515 he gave up his Indian slaves and encomienda, and advocated, before King Charles I of Spain, on behalf of rights for the natives. It was republished several times by groups that were critical of the Spanish realm for political or religious reasons. [65][66] At the meeting, probably after lengthy reflection, and realizing that the New Laws were lost in Mexico, Las Casas presented a moderated view on the problems of confession and restitution of property, Archbishop Juan de Zumárraga of Mexico and Bishop Julián Garcés of Puebla agreed completely with his new moderate stance, Bishop Vasco de Quiroga of Michoacán had minor reservations, and Bishops Francisco Marroquín of Guatemala and Juan Lopez de Zárate of Oaxaca did not object. Unlike some other priests who sought to destroy the indigenous peoples' native books and writings, he strictly opposed this action. He drafted a suggestion for an amendment arguing that the laws against slavery were formulated in such a way that it presupposed that violent conquest would still be carried out, and he encouraged once again beginning a phase of peaceful colonization by peasants instead of soldiers. [26] Aided by Pedro de Córdoba and accompanied by Antonio de Montesinos, he left for Spain in September 1515, arriving in Seville in November. He began his missionary work in Haiti, Cuba, Venezuela, and Guatemala in 1502. He believed he could pacify Indigenous people with religion rather than weapons. [79] Las Casas also appeared as a witness in the case of the Inquisition against his friend Archbishop Bartolomé Carranza de Miranda, who had been falsely accused of heresy. [14], With his father, Las Casas immigrated to the island of Hispaniola in 1502, on the expedition of Nicolás de Ovando. [59] The New Laws made it illegal to use Indians as carriers, except where no other transport was available, it prohibited all taking of Indians as slaves, and it instated a gradual abolition of the encomienda system, with each encomienda reverting to the Crown at the death of its holders. He called for the abolition of slavery in the American peninsula. While he was gone the native Caribs attacked the settlement of Cumaná, burned it to the ground and killed four of Las Casas's men. Location of death: Bartolomé de las Casas died in 18th July 1566 in Madrid (Spain). [23] He witnessed many atrocities committed by Spaniards against the native Ciboney and Guanahatabey peoples. [57], When the hearings started in 1542, Las Casas presented a narrative of atrocities against the natives of the Indies that would later be published in 1552 as "Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias". Why do you keep them so oppressed and exhausted, without giving them enough to eat or curing them of the sicknesses they incur from the excessive labor you give them, and they die, or rather you kill them, in order to extract and acquire gold every day. Las Casas and the commissioners traveled to Santo Domingo on separate ships, and Las Casas arrived two weeks later than the Hieronimytes. [56] The encomienda had, in fact, legally been abolished in 1523, but it had been reinstituted in 1526, and in 1530 a general ordinance against slavery was reversed by the Crown. Las Casas’ early years were marked by his struggle to come to terms with the horrors he had seen and his understanding of how God could allow this kind of suffering among the Indigenous peoples. He is said to have preached, "Tell me by what right of justice do you hold these Indians in such a cruel and horrible servitude? [50], Also in 1536, before venturing into Tuzulutlan, Las Casas went to Oaxaca, Mexico, to participate in a series of discussions and debates among the bishops of the Dominican and Franciscan orders. Biography of Bartolomé de Las Casas, Spanish Colonist. Bartolomé de Las Casas died on July 18, 1566, in Madrid. Las Casas was a bishop in Mexico between 1544 and 1550 and returned to Spain in 1551. Las Casas (suba nga anhianhi sa Mehiko, Estado de Durango, lat 24,43, long -104,35) Las Casas (tubiganan sa Mehiko, Estado de Coahuila de Zaragoza, lat 27,43, long -101,44) Las Casas (tubiganan nga anhianhi sa Mehiko, Estado de Chihuahua, lat 30,57, long -105,88) Las Casas (suba nga anhianhi sa Mehiko, Estado de Chihuahua, lat 30,71, long -105,09) Las Casas (suba nga anhianhi sa Mehiko, … This method was championed by prominent Franciscans such as Toribio de Benavente, known as "Motolinia", and Las Casas made many enemies among the Franciscans for arguing that conversions made without adequate understanding were invalid. [11] According to one biographer, his family were of converso heritage,[12] although others refer to them as ancient Christians who migrated from France. In 1550, he participated in the Valladolid debate, in which Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda argued that the Indians were less than human, and required Spanish masters to become civilized. It is well known that Las Casas fought for justice and freedom for Indigenous people of the New World, but it is frequently overlooked that his love for his countrymen was just as powerful. [65] After a year he had made himself so unpopular among the Spaniards of the area that he had to leave. [87], The images described by Las Casas were later depicted by Theodore de Bry in copper plate engravings that helped expand the Black Legend against Spain. Bartolomé Las Casas wurde 1484 in der spanischen Hafenstadt Sevilla geboren. Biographie. [5] In 1522, he tried to launch a new kind of peaceful colonialism on the coast of Venezuela, but this venture failed. He did not use the term natives American in the West Indian colonies. Bartolome de Las Casas was born in Seville, Spain in 1474 or 1484. Through the efforts of Las Casas's missionaries the so-called "Land of War" came to be called "Verapaz", "True Peace". One of the stated purposes for writing the account was Las Casas's fear of Spain coming under divine punishment and his concern for the souls of the native peoples. Las Casas graduated from the University of Salamanca. [10] His father, Pedro de las Casas, a merchant, descended from one of the families that had migrated from France to found the Christian Seville; his family also spelled the name Casaus. [41], Following a suggestion by his friend and mentor Pedro de Córdoba, Las Casas petitioned a land grant to be allowed to establish a settlement in northern Venezuela at Cumaná. Geburtsort: Sevilla. Early in the 17th century, another Dominican, Antonio de Remesal, produced his Historia general de las Indias. £53 (cloth), £13.99 (paper). In his early writings, he advocated the use of African slaves instead of Natives in the West Indian colonies but did so without knowing that the Portuguese were carrying out "brutal and unjust wars in the name of spreading the faith". Sepúlveda addressed Las Casas's arguments with twelve refutations, which were again countered by Las Casas. To Las Casas's dismay Bishop Marroquín openly defied the New Laws. However, the reforms were so unpopular back in the New World that riots broke out and threats were made against Las Casas's life. Pp. The history is apologetic because it is written as a defense of the cultural level of the Indians, arguing throughout that indigenous peoples of the Americas were just as civilized as the Roman, Greek and Egyptian civilizations—and more civilized than some European civilizations. Lingering for a while in the Dominican convent of Granada, he got into conflict with Rodrigo de Contreras, Governor of Nicaragua, when Las Casas vehemently opposed slaving expeditions by the Governor. [105] Other historians, such as John Fiske writing in 1900, denied that Las Casas's suggestions affected the development of the slave trade. By that time, Las Casas had realized that it was wrong of the Spanish to force the Indians to work. Bartolomé de las Casas (US: /lɑːs ˈkɑːsəs/ lahs KAH-səs; Spanish: [baɾtoloˈme ðe las ˈkasas] (listen); 11 November 1484[1] – 18 July 1566) was a 16th-century Spanish landowner, friar, priest, and bishop, famed as a historian and social reformer. This required the establishment of self-governing Indian communities on the land of colonists – who would themselves organize to provide the labor for their patron. Bartolome de Las Casas was born in Seville, Spain in 1474 or 1484. [citation needed], He wrote: "I have declared and demonstrated openly and concluded, from chapter 22 to the end of this whole book, that all people of these our Indies are human, so far as is possible by the natural and human way and without the light of faith – had their republics, places, towns, and cities most abundant and well provided for, and did not lack anything to live politically and socially, and attain and enjoy civil happiness.... And they equaled many nations of this world that are renowned and considered civilized, and they surpassed many others, and to none were they inferior. Manuel de las Casas (Talavera de la Reina, 1940 - Madrid, 8 février 2014) est un architecte espagnol. Las Casas's strategy was to teach Christian songs to merchant Indian Christians who then ventured into the area. Sie sollte auf seinen Wunsch hin erst nach seinem Tod veröffentlich werden. During this time the Hieronimytes had time to form a more pragmatic view of the situation than the one advocated by Las Casas; their position was precarious as every encomendero on the Islands was fiercely against any attempts to curtail their use of native labour. He was able to persuade the crown to allow him to send missionaries to a region in north-central Guatemala where the Indigenous people had proved particularly fierce. Las Casas committed himself to producing 15,000 ducats of annual revenue, increasing to 60,000 after ten years, and to erecting three Christian towns of at least 40 settlers each. Bartolomé de las Casas was a Dominican priest from Seville, Spain, who briefly sought his fortune in the New World, only a decade after Columbus' first voyage. The Life and Writings of Bartolome de las Casas Henry Raup Wagner. [55], But apart from the clerical business, Las Casas had also traveled to Spain for his own purpose: to continue the struggle against the colonists' mistreatment of the Indians. The second was a change in the labor policy so that instead of a colonist owning the labor of specific Indians, he would have a right to man-hours, to be carried out by no specific persons. In 1493 he saw Christopher Columbus pass through Seville on his return from the first voyage across the Atlantic. [72], The judge, Fray Domingo de Soto, summarised the arguments. Biographie : Théologien dominicain espagnol, évêque de Chiapas au Mexique, voyageur, écrivain, Bartolomé de Las Casas est l'un des premiers défenseurs des droits des peuples originaires d'Amérique. New York: Da Capo Press, 1992 (408-412). Homes for sale in Terra Linda, San Rafael, CA have a median listing price of $1,075,000. [54] Las Casas left Guatemala for Mexico, where he stayed for more than a year before setting out for Spain in 1540. They also carried out an inquiry into the Indian question at which all the encomenderos asserted that the Indians were quite incapable of living freely without their supervision. Christopher Columbus and the Age of Exploration: An Encyclopedia. In 1527 he began working on his History of the Indies, in which he reported much of what he had witnessed first hand in the conquest and colonization of New Spain. [4] Later in life, he retracted this position, as he regarded both forms of slavery as equally wrong. Biografie. Las Casas appointed a vicar for his diocese and set out for Europe in December 1546, arriving in Lisbon in April 1547 and in Spain on November 1547. [7], Bartolomé de las Casas was born in Seville in 1484, on 11 November. At first, Bartolomé de Las Casas participated in the persecution of the native people of the New World. His work is a particular inspiration behind the work of the Las Casas Institute at Blackfriars Hall, Oxford. He also informed the Theologians of Salamanca, led by Francisco de Vitoria, of the mass baptism practiced by the Franciscans, resulting in a dictum condemning the practice as sacrilegious. Page 1 of 1. All in all, modern historians tend to disregard the numerical figures given by Las Casas, but they maintain that his general picture of a violent and abusive conquest represented reality. After several months of negotiations Las Casas set sail alone; the peasants he had brought had deserted, and he arrived in his colony already ravaged by Spaniards.[44]. Unfortunately, once the region was brought under control, colonists took the lands and enslaved these Indigenous people, undoing almost all of Las Casas’ work. Bartolomé de Las Casas, (born 1474 or 1484, Sevilla?, Spain—died July 1566, Madrid), early Spanish historian and Dominican missionary who was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Americas and to call for the abolition of slavery there. Unfortunately, the region that was selected had been heavily raided by enslavers, and the Indigenous peoples' hostility toward the Europeans was too intense to overcome. That said, finding fifty men willing to invest 200 ducats each and three years of unpaid work proved impossible for Las Casas. He wrote a letter asking for permission to stay in Spain a little longer to argue for the emperor that conversion and colonization were best achieved by peaceful means. Some privileges were also granted to the initial 50 shareholders in Las Casas's scheme. Las Casas, Bartolomé de (1474–1566) Bartolomé de Las Casas (b. ca. Kämpfte gegen die Versklavung und Misshandlung der Indianer durch spanische Konquistadoren und erwirkte einen gesetzlichen Schutz der Indianer in allen neueroberten Gebieten Amerikas; wurde 1547 … He later wrote: "I saw here cruelty on a scale no living being has ever seen or expects to see. PhD dissertation, Harvard University 1982. [46] To make matters worse, his detractors used the event as evidence of the need to pacify the Indians using military means. "[83], Las Casas's first proposed remedy was a complete moratorium on the use of Indian labor in the Indies until such time as better regulations of it were set in place. Bartolomé de Las Casas, the Spanish priest, historian and advocate for Native American rights, was born in Seville. Biography Bartolome de Las Casas was born in Seville, Spain in 1484. Bartolomé de Las Casas Bartolomé de Las Casas (1474-1566) was a Spanish priest, social reformer, and historian. This page was last edited on 24 November 2020, at 21:20. . [48] In 1534 Las Casas made an attempt to travel to Peru to observe the first stages of conquest of that region by Francisco Pizarro. Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the ​Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. While waiting, Las Casas produced a report that he presented to the Bishop of Burgos, Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca, and secretary Lope Conchillos, who were functionaries in complete charge of the royal policies regarding the Indies; both were encomenderos. He spoke before the Holy Roman Emperor, King Charles V on the behalf of the Indian people. [64], The New Laws were finally repealed on October 20, 1545, and riots broke out against Las Casas, with shots being fired against him by angry colonists. He was the principal organizer and champion of the 16th-century movement in Spain and … During the next years, he divided his time between being a colonist and his duties as an ordained priest. "[89] This work in which Las Casas combined his own ethnographic observations with those of other writers, and compared customs and cultures between different peoples, has been characterized as an early beginning of the discipline of anthropology. LAS CASAS, BARTOLOMÉ DE (1474 – 1566), Spanish historian and missionary. He was appointed Bishop of Chiapas, but served only for a short time before he was forced to return to Spain because of resistance to the New Laws by the encomenderos, and conflicts with Spanish settlers because of his pro-Indian policies and activist religious stance. . His brave stand against the horrors of the conquest and the colonization of the New World earned him the title “Defender of the Indigenous peoples." In 1531, he wrote a letter to Garcia Manrique, Count of Osorno, protesting again the mistreatment of the Indians and advocating a return to his original reform plan of 1516. 978 0 8223 3930 4; 978 0 8223 3939 7", Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography, Biblioteca de autor Bartolomé de las Casas, Mirror of the Cruel and Horrible Spanish Tyranny Perpetrated in the Netherlands, by the Tyrant, the Duke of Alba, and Other Commanders of King Philip II, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines), United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador, Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin, Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, National Indigenous Organization of Colombia, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989, Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2007, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bartolomé_de_las_Casas&oldid=990504581, People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar, Spanish Roman Catholic bishops in North America, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2017, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Pages using S-rel template with ca parameter, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The Episcopal Church (USA); The Roman Catholic Church.